It stands for Philisophy Doctor. Or more simply Doctor of Philosophy. The word “Doctor” always used to mean a researcher in philosophy. And science was covered as “natural philosophy”. In fact medical doctors shouldn’t really call themselves “Doctor” unless they have a research degree – either a MD (medical doctor) or a PhD. This is clearer in the USA where they are called physicians not doctors.
Practically a PhD involves 3-4 years of new research after the end of an undergraduate degree. So usually by the age of 24 or 25 you get the degree. But these 3-4 years are pretty much the best years of a science career. You can really focus on a single problem and become a world expert – sometimes THE world expert.
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